Appendix D – Early Opportunities for
the Introduction of Non-Native Y-line DNA into Native Tribes
500-600 - St. Brendan's
fabled sixth century voyage from Ireland.
985 – A Norse group of
settlers is blown off course and discovers Newfoundland. In 1004, settlement
would begin at L’Anse aux Meadows where coastal
inhabitation would sporadically occur from that point forward. Tribes as far south as Massachusetts (Wampanoag, Abnaki, and Micmac) have oral history of contact with the Norse.
996 - Possibly the beginnings of Mediterranean
and North African (Muslin travel to the Americans) - renowned American
historian and linguist, Leo Weiner of Harvard University, in his book, Africa And The Discovery Of America (1920)
wrote that Columbus was well aware of the Mandinka
presence in the New World and that the West African Muslims had spread
throughout the Caribbean, Central, South and North American territories,
including Canada, where they were trading and intermarrying with the Iroquois
and Algonquin Indians (Mroueh, 1996). This remains unproven.
1000-1010 – The Micmac in Canada, the Wampanoag in Massachusetts and the Abnaki in Maine are reported as possibly having contact with Norse
voyages in this timeframe (Swanton, 1953).
1170 – Prince Madoc – settlement in Mobile Bay. Hakluyt says “Madoc did sail”[i]
and a Cherokee Chief, Oconostotto[ii],
relates to John Sevier his knowledge about the “Welsh Indians”[iii]
about 1780:
“It is
handed down by our forefather, that the works were made by white people, who
had formerly inhabited the country, while the Cherokees lived low down in the
country, now called South Carolina, and that a war existed between the
two nations for many years. At length, it was discovered, that the whites
were making a number of large boats, which induced the Cherokees to suppose,
that they intended to descend the Tennessee River. They then collected their
whole band of warriors, and took the shortest and most convenient route to the
muscle shoals in order to intercept them down the river. In a few days,
the boats were in sight, and a warm combat ensued, with various success for
several days. At length the whites proposed to the Indians, that if they
would exchange prisoners, and cease hostilities, they would leave the country,
and never more return; which was acceded to, and, after the exchange, parted in
friendship. The whites then descended the Tennessee to the Ohio, and then
down to the big river, (Mississippi) then up it to the muddy river, (Missouri)
then up that river to a very great distance. They are now on some of it's
branches; But they are no longer a white people; they are now all become
Indians; and look like the other red people of the country:"
Sevier: I then asked him, if he had ever
heard any of his ancestors say what nation of people those white people
belonged to? He answered:
"I
have heard my grandfather and other old people say, that they were a people
called, Welsh; that they had crossed the great water, and landed near the mouth
of Alabama river, and were finally driven to the heads of its water, and even
to Hiawassee river, by the Mexican Indians, who had been driven out of their
own country by the Spaniards."
Sevier continues in his
letter:
“ Many
years past I happened in company with a Frenchman, who lived with the
Cherokees, and had been a great explorer of the country west of the Mississippi. He informed me, " that
he had been high up the Missouri, and traded several months with the Welsh
tribe; that they spoke much of the Welsh dialect, and although their customs
were savage and wild, yet many of them, particularly the females were very fair
and white, and frequently told him, they had sprung from a white nation of
people; also stated they had yet some small scraps of books remaining among
them, but in such tattered and destructive order, that nothing intelligible
remained." He observed that their settlement was in a very obscure
part of the Missouri, surrounded with innumerable lofty
mountains. The Frenchman's name has escaped my memory, but I believe it
was something like Duroque.”
Another Welsh encounter
occurred in 1608 at Jamestown.
On November 26,
1608, Peter Wynne, a
member of Captain Christopher Newport's exploration party to the
villages of the eastern Siouian Monacan above the falls of the James River in Virginia,
wrote a letter to John Egerton,
informing him that some members of Newport's party believed the pronunciation
of the Monacans' language resembled
"Welch", which Wynne spoke, and asked Wynne to act as interpreter.
The Monacan were among those non-Algonquian[iv]
tribes collectively referred to by the Algonquians as "Mandoag".
And yet another, somewhat later, Welsh encounter involving a tribe
referenced as the Doeg.
The Reverend Morgan Jones, a
Welsh cleric told Thomas Lloyd, William Penn's
deputy, that he had been captured in 1669 by a tribe of Tuscaroras[v]
called the Doeg who lived on the Pamlico (Lower Tar)
River. According to Jones, the chief spared his life when he heard Jones speak
to himself in Welsh, a tongue the chief understood. A war captain ransomed him and Jones lived
with the Doeg for several months upon the Pontigo (Tar, Pamlico) River, preaching the Gospel in Welsh
and then returned to the British Colonies where he
later recorded his adventure in 1686.
..."The day after his capture the Indians held a
council and condemned Jones and his five companions to death. When an
interpreter told them that they were to die the next morning, Jones dejectedly
remarked in his native tongue, "have I escaped so many Dangers (of the
wilderness), and must I now be knocked in the head like a Dog? Upon hearing
this remark a chief man, who seemed to be a war captain belonging to the Sachem
of the Doegs, came forward, took Jones by the waist
and told him in the "British" tongue that he should not die. This man
appeared before the emperor and stood for Jone's
ransom. The Welsh clergyman and his companions remained with the Indians four
months, talked with them "familiarly in the British Language" and
preached to them three times a week in the same language..."[vi]
While these are not
conclusive, they are certainly suggestive that the Welsh language was
introduced into the Native tribes from some source (inferring introduction from
a Welsh individual) at some time pre-1608 (Jamestown) and assuredly before 1669 (Rev. Jones).
1474 - Joäo
Corte Real discovered the “land of Codfish” that has been interpreted by some to mean Newfoundland. There is
some substantiating evidence. He was
Portuguese and the venture may have been a joint venture between the Danish and
Portuguese royalty.
1490 – John Cabot skirted
the coast and may have landed on the North American shore.
1492 – Columbus “sailed the ocean blue”.[vii]
1497-1498 – John Cabot
searched northern latitudes (Maine and further north) for passage to Asia. He also visited Hatteras Island.
1498 – Unsubstantiated
legend of ship wreck of Croatian sailors from Ragusa at Cape Hatteras who integrated with the Indians.
1513 - Juan Ponce de Leon
reportedly the first Spaniard in the area of the US explored what he called la Isla Florida more than once beginning in 1513 and reported
that he was looking for the Fountain of Youth, but he was really looking for
Indian slaves. He was killed by Indians
in 1521.
1517 - Hernandez de Cordoba
fought with the Florida Indians eventually dying from his wounds.
1519 - Alonzo Alvarez de
Pineda journeyed to Florida, taking possession of 300 leagues of it for the
king.
1520 – Giovanni De Varrazzano under the French flag sailed to New York Bay, Narragansett
Bay and present-day Maine. He stopped
at the Chesapeake Bay on his way north, kidnapped an unwary Indian and
became the first European to describe in writing the natives of the Atlantic
coast (Sauer, 1971, p 58; Wright, 1981, p 28).
He later encountered the Indians of what would become Rhode Island and either the Abnaki or
Penobscot Indians and called them mal gente, “bad people” (Sauer, 1971, p 61; Brasser, 1978, p 80).
1521 - North Carolina – Shakori – visited by
Lucas Vazquex de Ayllon
expedition who was a partner in an expedition that captured Indian slaves off
the coast of SC. Later the Shakori were pushed north by the Pardo
expedition.
1525 – Portuguese Esteban
Gomez sailing under the Spanish flag captured 58 New England Indians during his
explorations and transported them to Spain (Sauer, 1971, p 69; Brasser,
1978, p 80).
1526 – Juan Vespucci sailed into the Cape Fear River to explore (Judah, 2008, p. 29).
1521 – 1526 - North Carolina – Ayllon sailed the Cape Fear River, settled 500-600 colonists from the Dominican Republic and their slaves near present day Cape Lookout in 1525-1526.
He abandoned the project when only 150 were left alive and they
relocated to Winyaw
Bay, SC. The Cape Fear location is also said to be on Cape Fear in present day SC (Sauer, 1971, pp 72-76; Brasser, 1978, p 80) although it is widely believed to be
the North Carolina location. A
ship wrecked at this location during the colonization effort and the survivors
rebuilt their boat while staying in the colony.
(Judah, 2008, p. 32)[viii]
1528 – Alvar
Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
shipwrecked on the Texas coast.
1528 - Panfilo
de Narvaez landed on Florida’s west coast to explore and conquer the Indians
there with 300 men.
1534-1541 – Cartier sails
and explores 1000 miles into the St. Lawrence Seaway.
1539 - Hernando de Soto and Luis de Moscoso de
Alvarado invaded Florida and explored westward between 1539 and 1543. The map below is probably the map of the de Soto expedition as set forth by Swanton (1985, p.343). This map may have been available to de Luna
in 1559.
1539 – Gallegos discovers
Spanish speaking Indian in Florida.
1540 – Francisco Vasquez de
Coronado journeyed to Pueblo Indians and beyond beginning in 1540.
1540 – DeSoto
pushes through (present day) Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee and the Appalachian Mountains
to Mississippi with 500-600 men who were brutal to Indians,
destroyed towns and tribes and took survivors as slaves.
1559 - 1560 - Tristan de
Luna y Arellano with over 1200 men and slaves explored the coastal area of the Gulf of Mexico.
1562 – Ribalt’s
Huguenot colony established at Port
Royal (Santa Elena), an
island on the coast of present day South Carolina. In 1564,
possession passed to the Spanish. [ix]
1564 – Spaniards arrive to
remove French at Port Royal, French retreat for the most part to Florida and establish Fort Caroline on the mouth of the St. John’s River,
near present day Jacksonville. The Santa
Elena fort was maintained in some capacity by Spanish until 1587 when
abandoned.
1565 – Spanish pursue the
French and capture Fort Caroline (Jacksonville), then establish St. Augustine in Florida.
Including the Spanish in the
southwest and on the West Coast, Europeans managed to become fairly numerous on
North America during the 16th century. It has been speculated that in 16th
century Florida alone the number of colonists, Spanish and otherwise
may have numbered 10,000. This of course does not include the many mariners who
of their own volition put in at Florida ports for repairs and supplies. To that number may be added, it has been
said, more than 10,000 shipwreck survivors. (Wright, 1981, p 42) If that is so, the total European and African
population on the East Coast was substantial, 20,000 to 25,000 or more (Thornton, 1987, p. 62).
The
Tatton-Wright Map of the New World, 1600, showing the Spanish
settlements along the coast of La Florida (Pinson, 2009).[x]
1566 – 1568 – The Juan Pardo Expeditions consisted of about 250 men in two
separate expeditions over 2 years. They
built forts across the Southeast and as far west as present day Morgantown, NC. Some men
were stationed at these forts and subsequently abandoned. They were known to have interacted with the
Native women and in at least one case, a later interview reveals a marriage
between a soldier who remained and a Native woman. Their expeditions took them through Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and into East Tennessee (Hudson, 2005).[xi]
1569 – David Ingram, Richard
Twide and Richard Brown walk 4000 miles from near Tampico, Mexico to Cape
Breton, Nova Scotia, where they are rescued. 48 men are unaccounted for. Ingram, Twide and
Brown testify to Walsingham about this in 1582 in
preparation for the New World settlement expeditions and explorations, including
the Lost Colony attempt. Browne is among
the colonist surnames.
1570 - Virginia – James River - Jesuit Mission – mission extinguished by Powhatan.
1570-71 – Jesuits in Chesapeake Bay.
1574 – Shipwreck on Hatteras Island provides Indians with metal tools from the iron hardware salvaged from
the ship.
1576 – French ship wrecks in
Royal Sound (Santa Elena) off of the South Carolina coast.
1577 – Yuchi
(Florida) attacked by Spanish and suffered greatly.
1579 – Cusabo
(SC) Indian town destroyed by Spanish.
1584–1586 – Raleigh’s military expeditions include 135 men in 3
different groups, 18 of which are known to be “lost”[xii].
1585 – Ralph Lane’s report
indicates that a group of his men overwintered with
the Chespians (a tribe in the Chesapeake Bay)[xiii]
1585-1586 – Drake and the
Turks, slaves and Indians – After raiding the Caribbean and St. Augustine where
a map drawn in 1589 shows him to have 21 ships in his fleet (Florida State
Archives, 2009)[xiv],
Drake visits Roanoke Island and rescues the military colonists, returning with
them to England. Lane says in his
journal that 3 men who were on an expedition were left behind. One hundred Turks captured in the Caribbean by Drake were politically exchanged after the voyage. Documentation shows that ships were lost in
the hurricane encountered at Roanoke and many were drowned. Reports vary, but Drake was said to have
Moors, Indians and slaves aboard that he had taken as plunder. Reports range from 200 to 700, but reports of
any being left at or escaping to Roanoke are unsubstantiated at this time.
Given the geography of the
area which prevents larger ships from approaching Roanoke Island and requires
that they anchor on the seaward side of the Outer Banks, using a smaller boat
to ferry men and supplies back and forth around the Outer Banks Islands and
across the shoals to Roanoke Island itself, it is highly unlikely that men
would commit suicide in those hurricane driven waters rather than remain on
board with the hope of survival. If they
were abandoned on Roanoke
Island, access to the
mainland is relatively straightforward.
If they were abandoned on Hatteras
Island, the mainland is
distant and only accessible by connecting with other islands in the chain or
rowing 30+ miles across the sound.
Drake with the military
colonists departed June 14 or 15th.
Raleigh’s supply ship arrived on June 19th,
finding no one, and left for England. Grenville’s fleet arrived mid July and searched for the
military colonists, finding no one, not even any Indians, he left feeling
uneasy about the situation. Grenville was involved in the 1584 burning of the Native
village, so perhaps the Indians recognized him and hid, although one would
think that some trace of them would be evident[xv]. It is unclear whether he visited Hatteras Island as well as Roanoke.
1587 – Raleigh’s Lost Colony of 115 English left on Roanoke Island.
1588 – The Spanish governor
in Florida reports to the King that the British are living on
an island at 43 degrees[xvi].
1590 – John White returns to
find the colony moved, having left the message, Croatoan,
indicating where they had gone.
1593 – Samuel Mace was
instructed by Thomas Harriot on how to trade copper
for sassafras and in addition to make contact with the colonists at their new
location. [xvii]
1594 – John Brenton in a paper to Sir Walter Raleigh, “A company of men manned a new ship and were
paid weekly wages to ensure they would not go after ships for plunder, and they
are to secure sassafras and instructed to seek out the 1587 colony.”[xviii]
1597 – Gaule
towns burned (Georgia).
The Eno
greatly resisted the advance of the Spanish[xix].
1599 – Florida Governor Gonalo Mendez de Cancio reports
that two relief boats went to Roanoke with planters, clothing, supplies and tools in 1594[xx].
If true, they too may have been lost, as there is no record of their return or
future contact. David Glavin, having been a Spanish captive at the time,
corroborates this story.[xxi]
1602 – Gosnold,
lawyer, explorer, privateer, visits Martha’s Vineyard
and explores Cape Cod area.
1602 – John Mace sent by Sir
Walter Raleigh to search for the colonists as well as to harvest
sassafras. John Mace had “been at Virginia twice before”.[xxii]
1603 – Raleigh funds two more expeditions, one to the Chesapeake and one that missed Hatteras
entirely.[xxiii]
1603 – Captain Martin Pring sailed to North America and
returned with holds full of sassafras.
They were reported to have landed north of Roanoke Island. At the same
time, many accounts that Sir Walter Raleigh’s colony had again been contacted
were reported from several sources in England.[xxiv]
1603-1606 – Champlain and
other French explore northern US and eastern Canada.
1605 – French Colony
established at Port Royal (modern day Annapolis Royal, NS) but returned to France in 1608. In
1610 it was reestablished, but burned in 1613 by Capt. Samuel Argall (from Virginia), causing the French to leave the Chesapeake.
1605-1606 – Nauset Indians (Mass.) skirmish with Champlain.
1607 – Jamestown founded.
1609 – The Dutch arrived
among the Delaware in NJ/NY at the mouth of the Hudson River.
1609 – Spanish Expedition by
Captain Francisco Fernandez de Ecija on the eastern
seaboard ransoms a Frenchman and carries on trade and social interaction with
the Indians south of current day Roanoke/Hatteras
Island. An Indian woman named Maria de
Miranda, who is married to a Spaniard, translates for the Spanish/Indians and
tells them that she knows where the French and English are settled, but she
does not state the location[xxv].
1614 – Hunt sold Nauset tribal members into slavery
1620 – Mayflower in Plymouth, Mass.[xxvi]
1634 – Jesuit settlement
among the Conoy in Maryland.
1661 – English attempt at
colonization on the Cape Fear
River in current Brunswick County, NC. Colonists
from Massachusetts stole Indian children to “educate” them, enslaving
them. The Indians retaliated, running
off the livestock and ending the settlement.[xxvii]
1663 – William Hilton from Barbados arrives to explore and navigates the Charles River, later named the Cape Fear River in North Carolina.
1664 - 1667 – Second attempt
at Cape Fear
colony by a group from Barbados, located at the mouth of Town Creek (Old Town) North Carolina, but was abandoned in 1667.
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